America in the 60’s: A Personal Account of a Hippie

The sixties was a tumultuous decade. America went into a state of war that has lost the support and commitment of the American heap. My interviewee was a college student and so and he claimed that he had learned more in the streets than in the quaternity walls of the classroom.While American soldiers were fighting the Vietcong in order to liberate South Vietnam, they at home were fighting the government to bring home the American soldiers. harmonize to him, our soldiers were just being slaughtered in the battle for nothing. He believed that it was not a war that America should fight.While people gather around together in rallies and movements, there was a diversity of causes people fight for. While my interviewee was cave inicularly concerned against the Vietnam War, his interactions with other(a) activists led him to realize other important affectionate ills that needed to be addressed.He learned about the civil rights movement and libber movement. The former were basically black people fighting against racial disparity and seeking for equal rights particularly the right to suffrage. The latter on the other hand, were fighting against womens rights. But in many cases, they assemble and unite together to stage a mass movement.The rallies some clocks end up violent with the police committing brutality in dispersing the activists. But joining rallies were deal a fad. It was fun, adventurous and liberating. In fact, the violence that occur form part of the thrill of joining rallies. Accordingly, many of those who joined were not really into the causes of the movements simply were there for kicks. Rebellion seemed part of the youth culture of the sixties in order to be hip.One of the most unforgettable experiences my interviewee had was his attendance to the most well up known musical event that practically defined the 60s, the Woodstock fete in 1969 billed as a three day celebration of music, peace and love (Schomp, p65).According to him, over half a million people participated in the festival. As a dedicated activist, the Woodstock was really a united protest action against the Vietnam War but the media just sensationalized the nudity, drugs, and sex connected by the hippies in the event.In my short interview with this acquaintance of mine, the events in the 1960s seemed closely interlaced with each other and everything seemed to happen at the same time unlike in the textbook where annals is presented like separate and disjointed events.The 1960s was indeed turbulent and riotous per my personal evaluation of my history book and as admitted by my interviewee himself. However, the book wasnt able to stimulate the enjoyment and the ventures that people experienced during that time.My interviewer commented that the sixties was indeed a time of serious transition in the American political sphere, but it wasnt that dull, boring and uptight serious as written in the pages of a book. The youth was daring yet were still having t he time of their lives.Work CitedSchomp, Virginia. The Vietnam War. 2nd edition. marshall Cavendish, 2001, pp64-66

Addiction: Effects of Playing on-Line Computer Games Essay

IntroductionIn present times , data processor gaming has been popular mostly within the disciplinechilds societies worldwide. Like a computing device virus , excessive gaming has also been contagious within the society , creating an perdurable and unstoppable problem concerning its effects.In local concept , students and non-students here in the Philippines has been massively influenced with the habit of reckoner gaming even it almosttimes affects their insouciant productive activities such as work , studies or even family relations. aforesaid(prenominal) as in other countries , computer gaming can simply be declared as a problem , if and only if it is in excess. And this problem has been uncured until now , and this also affecting mostly the student societys educative and productive activities.See more The Issues Concerning identity Theft EssayRelated Studies TitleThe Effects of playing on-line computer hazards in academic per diversityance of students?Background of the studyThe choose of this paper is to investigate a comparatively untouched area of search into games and education whether or not there is a link between the frequency with which computer and video games are played, and academic achievement, as measured by traditional examination results, of those who play them. An online game is a game played over some form of computer network. This almost everlastingly means the Internet or equivalent technology, but games contribute always used whatever technology was current modems before the Internet, and hard pumped(p) terminals before modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of computer networks from dwarfish local networks to the Internet and the growth ofInternet access itself. Online games can incline from simple text based games to games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds dwell by many players simultaneously. Many online games have associated online communities, making online games a form of social activity beyond single player games.The rising popularity of scare off and Java led to an Internet revolution where netsites could utilize streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoft began packaging Flash as a pre-installed component of IE, the Internet began to shift from a data/ selective information spectrum to also offer on-demand entertainment. This revolution paved the way for sites to offer games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like World of Warcraft, Final Fantasy XI and profligate II charge a periodical fee to subscribe to their services, plot of land games such as Guild Wars offer an alternative no monthly fee scheme. Many other sites relied on advertising revenues from on-site sponsors, period others, like RuneScape, or Tibia let people play for reconcile while leaving the players the option of paying, unlocking new content for the membersREVIEW OF colligate LITERATUREMost of our youth and studen ts today are fond of dismissal into cyberspace shop to use computer, without knowledge of their parents what they are up to. They will ask money from their parents telling that they have something to search in the internet for their project or assignments, although others do so, but there are some who just make it as an alibi so that they can make do skills with their peers through playing games online like for example war craft, battle realms, DOTA etc. Related LiteratureForeignSince Time named the microcomputer their Man of the social class in 1983 there has been a continued drive for public instill teachers to become computer literate. A nationwide study concluded that although teachers have increased computer availability in their classrooms, they are not incorporate computers into the standard curricula. The present study examined technophobia as an explanation for low levels of computer utilization. Elementary teachers (N = 171), secondary science teachers (N 117), and secondary humanities teachers (N = 200) in 54 schools across five urban school districts completed three measures of technophobia and a measure of demographic characteristics, computer/technology experience, computer availability, and current computer use.Results indicated that (1) computers are available at all schools, but are not being used by many teachers (2) many teachers are technophobic, peculiarly elementary teachers and secondary humanities teachers (3) teachers are most worried nigh dealing with the actual computer machinery in their classroom, nigh computer errors, and about learning to use computers and (4) predictive models showed that although computer experience is the most enceinte predictor of technophobia, it is not the only predictor age, gender, teaching experience, computer availability, ethnicity, and school socioeconomic status also play an important role in predicting technophobia.

Automobile and Private Cars Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of boob tubeThe advantages and disadvantages of telecastingNowadays some quite a little exclusively over the world spent most(prenominal) of their free duration watching tv but since its appearance, television has brought to man m either advantages as comfortably as disadvantages. First, television plays an important role in our free-and-easy activities it keeps us informed of all current affairs in the world. Events through with(predicate) television ar more than(prenominal) vivid than those through books and magazines.Second, television helps us enrich our spiritual lives. Our knowledge is broadened in many personal manners. Through take-in breeding programs, we arse learn the language we resembling such as English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese and so on. We gage become skilful and clever at doing jobs, making cakes or arranging flowers through practical courses taught on television.Finally, television is a descent of recr el iminateion. Humorous stories and funnyfilms bring us minutes of tranquility afterward a hard days work. For me, sitting vertical in an arm-chair to watch an international football match on television is more interesting than having to queue for tickets at a crowded stadium. apart from its advantages, however, television also brings lots of disadvantages to viewers too. First, television viewers bit by bit become passive in their action. Television may be a splendid media of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with distributively former(a) or with the outer world. The world retrieven through television is only the restricted wiz It sepa pass judgment us from the real world.Second, television, with its fascinating power, gains multitude of all ages sink into limbo whole propagations be growe up addicted to the manifesty. Pupils and students atomic number 18 so engrossed in television that they neglect their direct activities. Food is left uneaten, learning undone and littleons unprep bed. Housewives argon so keen on watching television that they neglect their duties toward their husbands and their electric s buildrren. Instead of watching television, we may use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of television, we may sit around to force backher after dinner and actually talk to one a nonher to know and like each other better.Finally, the evil influence of television on the new-make generation is inevitable it encourages them to commit crimes. Spectacles of sadism and violence on television lead them to robbery, theft, rape and murder.In a nutshell, television is useful to us when we know how to use it Be simple machinegonful non to overindulge ourselves in it and use it in a discerning manner. right a style at that place is virtually spays in the educational system. In your opinion, how should we change to raise the quality teaching?Education is to draw the best in children and to develop their faculties. Education is a complicated affair as it is supposed to equip children for demeanor. Since life ways ar eternally changing, the contents of education essential also be changed accordingly. The school is supposed to provide necessary experiences to the child. When a child leaves the school, he may lead a useful life.But in the traditional school, the child was supposed to learn mainly the 3 Rs. So the drinking glass bard and the text books were the main stay of theteacher who was to mould the character of the child. rote larn memory was insisted upon and examinations were based on this learning technique.There was not more than(prenominal) of a difference from year to year on the way children were tested. The examinations conducted did not test all the faculties of the child. So, it was necessary for those who got through examinations to be trained afterwards. In short, children were very rarely taught to learn for themselves. This had continued for so languis h and the put on had to be abolished.Once this was realized, many new methods of teaching were fatigue and many new aids had been used for a better education of children. Today the school is a very complicated organization the teacher is no longer the sole arbiter. The children, instead of being passive discoverers, retort a leak been made active participants. They are handling, feeling, planning, creating and learning with newer tools and aids. The subjectivity has give place to lusty objectivity.In state to make education relevant and meaningful, children are undecided to almost life like situations. They must know how to live as good citizens and honest members of society. They must know how to live as good citizens and honest members of society. The way the school creates situations with these ends in views is important.On the intellectual side, the library and the laboratory must play a vital role. They complement and tag on more and more, and the use of library and t he laboratory must be further through priggish assignments. The playing field, miscellaneous camps, many organizations like the jr. Red Cross, etc. have to be fully utilized to shape the character of the child. Beside the text books, on that point are other aids for learning. They much be judiciously used. In fact, there are hundreds of ways in which the audio-visual aids nates be used with advantage.Examinations must not be used to show weakness but must be a yardstick for proving the all-round education of the student. The questions must be objective and reliable. The examinations must be welcomed by the students. In order to satisfy the diverse population, there must be diversity in programs, approaches, resources and aims and room for experiment. Examinations should be a challenge for students.The world is shrinking and nobody can feel parochial. So education must equip students for world understanding and world citizenery. erudition and technology must find their places in any scheme of education. some(prenominal) system of education must help turn out a fully developed and all-rounded personality.The difficulties in learning English and how to overcome them.Beginners of unlike language always run difficulties from the outset. For me, I had to overcome these problems when I started learning English.English pronunciation is my first obstacle. The pronunciation in English puzzles me a lot because the same letter has different sounds. For example the letter a in bath is not pronounced in the same way of that in bathe. The ou in South is also different from ou in Southern. Generally verbs and nouns are pronounced differently although they are compose the same. Record is a good example to illustrate it.In order to solve this puzzling question I simple machineefully study The A.P.A (The world(prenominal) Phonetic Alphabets) which helps me pronounce English words correctly.In order to have an accent further like the native speakers, I frequently l isten to tapes and repeat after them, trying to imitate them. Moreover, myeveryday conversation with the foreigners I meet in the street will enable me to acquire a proper accent.Compared with French, English grammar is much easier. However, this does not mean that learners meet no difficulties in learning it. It took me a long time to learn how to master the tenses in English grammar, to endeavor to do as many grammar exercises as practical and read various grammar books.In writing English, English language has its deliver style. In order to drillwriting skills, I have tried to read famous novels of distinguished America and English writers. I enjoy the humorous style of writing in Mark Twains masterpieces, the elaborate and keen style of George Eliot and the sentimental and lyrical style of John Keats.After long and hard years of English study, how pleased I feel when I am ableto read English and American authors without any obstacles and difficulties at all.Your favorite hobb yEverybody has his or her own hobby. For me, my favorite hobby is edition books.My yield was not only a writer but a researcher as well. He had a great collection of books on many fields literature, science, art, fiction and non-fiction. After his death, I inherited the most valuable treasure which has been preserved carefully up to now.As I have a large collection of books of my own now, I unremarkably spend hours practice and thinking near facts described in each kind of books. Sitting comfortably in an arm-chair in the library with a book open on my knee, I recall my father who was absorbed in his reading, perusing the poems of John Keats, William Words Worth, Chateaubriand and Lamartine. I still break his sonorous voice reciting rhythmical lines of poems in Kim Van Kieus account statement while his face was radiant with ecstasy and raptures.Through books I see many countries rise and fall. Kings and Presidents pass before my eyes and I can follow the history of nations. E ach book has a story to tell me of remote countries and strange people.I am greatly indebted to books indeed. For me a good book is not only a true attendant but also a well-experienced teacher guiding me through my life. It has the miracle to loose my suffering and my hardship and reveal to me strange and new horizons.Reading books broadens my judging and improves my knowledge. Instead of indulging myself in futile entertainments, I am often keen on reading books which are always a source of comfort and relief to me and I am determined to preserve my fathers valuable treasure for my posterity.In a few words, the reading of books contributes to the moral and intellectual formation of a mans personality.A shopping dayWe live in the suburb of HCM urban center. Twice a week my have and I usually take a cumulation to HCM metropolis to do some shopping.Yesterday was my mothers off-day. ahead of time in the morning we took a stack to town. We were in town just after seven and we h ad the whole morning for shopping.First, we went to the put-made clothes department. My mother bought two white shirts for my father, a pair of blue jeans for my brother. I chose a pink woolen sweater. I liked it very much because it absolutely suited my complexion. At this department prices were moderate and we did not need to bargain. before leaving, my mother bought herself two pairs of gloves.Next, we went straight to the shoe department. The shop-assistant greeted us quickly. He showed us pairs of shoes of really good quality leather. Leather shoes and sandals of various sizes and colors were on sale. The store was crowded with customers. They were either looking at the shoes or buying them. We both chose fashionable pairs of shoes and left.It was nearly eleven oclock. We called at a little caf by the street-side to have lunch. After lunch we went to the park nearby. We took a rest on the patio in the shade of tall trees, waiting for the shops to be open once more in the af ternoon.At 200 p.m. we returned to the shopping center. We went to the Chinaware department. My mother needed a dozen of dishes and bowls. Enameled chinaware of different beautiful patterns attracted housewives attention.Finally, before reversive home, we went to the stationers. My mother bought lots of stationery ink, pens, ball-point pens and writing pad. On the way to the bus station we called at the fast food department to shoot some ready-cooked food for the family when we got home.Returning home, I felt quite tired but how interesting a shopping day it wase life sentence in the city, compared with life in the countryIn my opinion, urban life or agrarian life has its own advantages and disadvantages.First, living in the city we may enjoy those benefits. confabulation and dribbleation systems are better. There are so many means of communication and transport that we can lead the ones we like best. We can get in touch with a maven or talk to him by phone without having to go out of home. thank to electricity network and running water, our material lives are more well-situated. Supermarkets, markets and shops are found everywhere and we can buy anything we need providing that we can make it. Urban life provides us with all sorts of entertainments televisions, radios, movies, theatres, concerts and famous recreation centers. nutriment in town we can improve our knowledge easily by attending any schools, universities or evening classes where experienced teachers and professors are ready to satisfy our thirst for knowledge.Besides its advantages, urban life also has its disadvantages Our health is in danger pollution by factories and heavy affair may cause serious diseases to all of us. Evil influence upon the young generation by obscene video films is inevitable. Violent deaths happen regularly in such a crowded city with all kinds of vehicles.On the contrary, rural life seems ideal to all of us, peculiarly to the old. We can enjoy fresh, unruff led air and behold beautiful landscapes in the country. How safe and delighted we are when we can sleep a sound sleep at any time of the day without being disturbed by sirens of cars or by deafening noises from manufacturing factories. Our accessible lives in the country are easier we can eat the food and vegetables we grow, the chickens and goats we raise. The countrymen lead a very simple life and they are quick at mutual help in any case. away from these advantages, living in the country we may meet lots of difficulties too. Communication and transportation are obstructed by lack of means of transport or by floods in the rainy season. Our knowledge is limited by being short of mass media. Our social and physical lives are not as comfortable as those in town because of lack of electricity and medical care.In a nutshell, our love for town life or country life depends on our outlook and age. As for me, I always prefer rural life to urban life.The Advantages and Disadvantages of Pri vate Cars.Nowadays, as peoples life quality develops, more and more families can apply to buy snobby cars. On one hand, private cars can make the travel more convenient, A case in point, if you have a private car, you will not have to go to work in a crowded bus everyday and still occupy more or less if you are going to be late. And when you want to travel in someplace, private road by yourself in your own car is the most convenient and comfortable way.While on the other hand, private cars can be very expensive and the price of petrol is getting higher and higher, taking a bus is a less expensive way when travelling. When a city has too many private cars, it becomes easy to cause traffic jam, especially when people go to work and go home after work. And you may need to wait for hours in your car.Whats more, more and more private cars also means more and more pollution to the environment.The gas that cars discharge is a serious pollution to the atmosphere. All in all, there are both advantages and diaadvantages of private cars. In my opnion, you can use your own car when it is necessary and if you are not in a hurry, you can take a bus instead.the birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from one place to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the invention of cars bring great benefit to all of us.But as proverb goesno garden without weeds.car is not exception. owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way of transportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i always found driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to select a car.In winter.drivers always can stay warm and modify even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usuall y safe in their cars when they are out at night. Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to run a car need a lot of oil,whic h is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contribute the lacking of naught.Secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problemtraffic jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities of ampere-second monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people contact with frensh air. therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental pollution can be avioded .and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars under control.thus,our heavier traffic can be solluted -There are some advantages to owning a car in an urban area. First, sitting in your car is much more comfortable than having to wait a long time for the arrival of the bus or train. In bad weather the driver of the car is warm and comfortable and is always guaranteed a seat. Second, in urban areas it is much s afer to be in your car, especially at night, than having to walk down a macabre street to get to a bus stop or train station.On the other hand, there are some disadvantages to owning a car. First, a car is expensive. Gasoline is not cheap and car insurance rates in urban areas are very high. There are other expenses to be considered too, such as car maintenance and repairs as well as having to pay for parking. Second, owning a car causes a lot of worry and stress. If you leave your car in the street it might get stolen or its parts might get stolen. It is also very stressful to be driving on the freeway or in traffic jams and there is the constant fear and stress of being involved in an accident. Advantages & Disadvantages nearly Social Networking.1. Purpose To inform about social networking.2. Main musical theme By the end of my speech the audience should get an idea about the advantages & disadvantages about our every days use of the social network. 3. positive Main Ideas Ther e are 2 points I want you guys to be informed about. Social networking is a wonderful task we can do on the internet, although, there are advantages & disadvantages that comes with it. 4. Sub pointsThe advantages of social networking keep in touch with friends and family be informed about around the world get feedback about ideas or thoughts ask questions, get fast answers helps you learn more diversity and get exposure to multiple points of view.

My Ambition Essay

My ambition in life has always kept ever-changing frequently, resembling as a dancer, as an artist, a writer or a doctor since I equivalent biology . plainly I suck realized that by just liking something that is related to it can non condition someone to deform that. Every ambition has so many handle to look through to achieve. One whitethorn not be winning in solely the related paths provided can be in at least a few. But now I timbre its time for me to have a particular goal to reach. I preceptort want to be focused completely on it but as well want to be flexible at the same time.At home my father always dreams of me becoming a scientist handle him, for thats natural. But if anyone asks me now, abtaboo my ambition, may be its for sure I would alike to tell I would become a scientist. This is not because my family wants it or because of their view, its because I have seen how life changes with a job like this. I always think of doing something different from others s o that I am being recognized and likewise to do something new and worthy. A scientist lives with all reality. There is nothing better.I would love to work for the countrys development and to retain its prestige. As far as I have seen, I know that a scientist job would do better for me to do this. I dont want to be just a scientist but as well as a interrogationer. A work becomes a research when one does something which is not known to the person doing which brings out wonders. I would like to learn every moment rather to do what others have done. It may be a hard job to do, but I like being complex. I want to work with others view to improve or invent something that is needed by the world.On a daily basis, I see my fathers work as a scientist or as a researcher discovering something that is unusual. Every daytime becomes a day to solve problems This very much surprises me . It also wont be wrong to say that his works, deep involvement, seriousness, ect have actually spew an imp act on me. I would rather say, he has influenced me to carve out my future. I now dream to get into the field of my father and would rear in a complete contribution to achieve my goal, by also having a complete support from my family .By becoming a scientist I will not only fulfill my parents dream but also can fulfill my wishes to live in my own way, with my own ideas like a free bird. I also wish to become a role modal to the rest of the world. The value of achievement lies in achieving. But at the same time I remember that it needs raft of work from now, only then can I turn a dream into reality. Sincere hard work always fetches. It may not just be a proud moment for me, but also for my parents and for my country. The will to succeed can overcome greatest adversity. So, my ambition to become a scientist begins or has already begun.

Many Of The Characters In Of Mice And Men Have Dreams Essay

John Steinbeck wrote the novel Of Mice and Men in 1937. The settings were person anyy related to the author himself. The Novel is set were he origin wholey came from, somewhat Salinas, California. It was written during the majuscule depression which non only effected the States, scarce Europe as well however the novel only focuses on America. Steinbeck had his reasons for writing about it. He wanted to show the reality of the great depression as it struck e truly champion in divers(prenominal) ways. He utilise realistic characters that represented the main groups of people living in America and what effects took bulge according to their status. One of the liberalgest problems was that twenty-five percent of the completely population was unemployed, leaving a mass of civilians to roam the stree diagramts, desperate to populate by any means. Others were forced to become itinerant workers.George and Lennie, the main characters, argon two facing pages workers. They are prime examples or itinerant workers payable to the economic disaster they faced. They had slight difficulties maintaining a job as Lennie has a mental and almost physical disability. His child- homogeneous mind didnt allow him to worryn well with his beastly physicality. This means he is un aware(predicate) of how brutal and furious his actions may be. Its what invariably got him in trouble and George was the one always def prohibiting him. All they had was each another(prenominal). As Itinerant workers they travelled removed in search of work as did many others who were desperate to gull enough money to survive or perhaps have got their family.They comely much had no choice if they wanted to active. Work on a bed cover didt always pay well however, the workers were provided with the necessities which had already sulk a lot of costs such as a capital over their head, cooked meals, bathing facilities, so they were grateful. All those small things are the things that are tak en for granted, neverthe little to those times they were valued and appreciated. Whatever salaries they received at the end of each month they would send home to their families or pop off it all on a cat house (prostitute house) and start all over again. George and Lennie had other plans which differentiated them from the rest.George and Lennie both shared a conceive of. anyways the fact that their relationship status was quite rare, the intake do it that trivial bit more special. Most people travelled completely and alone had their minds set on surviving. George and Lennie had their hearts set on fine- reckoningger things. We could live off the fatta the lan, a quote used constantly by both George and Lennie. They are implying that they want to buy land in which they green goddess live off everything they grow so they wont absorb to rely on any one to survive. Its a great change from working for soulfulness to working for yourself its more whole knowing they nooky d o what they want for themselves. Well welcome a big ve set outable patch and a rabbit-hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, well just say the brilliance with going to work Their dream gets deeper with endless wants to them its almost like an obsessive fantasy.However, their dreams are still realistic compared to a modern solar day dream which melt d stimulates to be more selfish and greedy. A sense of independence is what they are after which is highly under footable and admirable. Lennie in like manner has an obsession with maintenance rabbits. Again his child-likeliness is getting the regardter of him then again all children look forward to violateicular things they enjoy.Their dream is like a private mental home in their minds, an escape from reality, the one thing that no one mint take from them. Its their goal, the one thing that keeps them motivated to carry on. go into on, George. Tell Me. Please, George. Like you done before. George tells their dre am like a fable out of a fairytale to satisfy Lennies childish behavior. Lennie also repeats his sentences as a sign of enthusiasm. The dialect used gives quite a clear impression of what they sound like and helps to visualize their words and actions. What is state is written quite different from how we would write and speak today, so it emphasizes on how long ago this took place. The Ranch consists of more than just workers and one dream. George and Lennie werentt alone there were others with different occupations and completely different dreams.George and Lennies dream later developed into a larger dream including one other member. candy, a holder worker, who had lost his hand on the ranch so he wasnt much use. He was aware that it wouldntt be long until he would have no were to go, he was only getting benefits for his loss on the ranch, and no one wants a useless worker hanging about. When Candy over hears George going into apologue mode, he was overwhelmed knowing that there was some hope. You know wheres a place like that? and How much they want for a place like that? showed Candy was deeply enkindle by asking questions.Candy was interested by all of this because his life was slowly passing by and he was still not doing anything about it. So this dream of having a ranch and not working for somebody was a big eye-one for candy and seemed very interested in the dream. He stated obviously that hes interested by saying, Spose I went in with you guys and shows us how desperate he is by offering three hundred an 50 bucks which was more than half of the overall payment required. Just to sweeten up the deal even more he adds, I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some.And Id make a volition an permit my share to you guys in case I kick off, Candy chose his words carefully letting George know it will benefit everyone earlier than it macrocosm a selfish gesture. Just to make sure they kept him in he used a very short tho never the less a very effective emotional line, When they can me here I wisht somebodys shoot me. Automatically they sapidity sympathetic towards him because he lost his hand and his best friend, the dog. It was after that talk that Candy gained hope after all.However, a serious incident occurred which ingest George to kill Lennie for the good and safety of others. He gave up on the dream and decided to become a part of what everyone else already was. then its all off? Candy asked sulkily. Without George, Candy couldntt resist a chance making the dream come true alone and there was no persuading George to reconsider. Candy was vexed at Curleys married womanhood as she laid dead, Everbody knowed youd mess things up. He knew that if she didnt disturb Lennie they would all be able to leave the ranch and have a good life together. Now that she had caused all these problems he had no respect for her at all and insulted her by development harsh names such as lousy tart and snatch.Women to those t imes werent seen as equals, they done what they were told and werent much use. Curleys wife is a good example of a typical woman to those times. She is referred to as Curleys wife and cypher else to show her lack of importance. She craves oversight as no one pays her no mind, so she resorts to Lennie who listens too her dream. Her dream was to make something of her self by becoming an actress. Coulda been in the movies, an had nice frock all of them nice clothes they wear. An I coulda sat in them big hotels, an had pitchers took of me. she reminisces on the past were she had a chance of fulfilling her dream and all the materialistic things she would have had.She sounded ungrateful when she said, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet as if to say what Curley had to offer wasnt good enough when thats what nearly all women wish they could have. Her marriage to Curley was an escape from loneliness which seemed to have failed. As she was an attention seeker she used her sexuality to her advantage to bait in other men, even if they were at the fundament of the social hierarchy. Although the other men were aware of the sly schemes, Lennie was mesmerized by her beauty and was for the most part vulnerable.She even admitted that she was lonely to make Lennie feel down(p) for her by saying, wherefore cant I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. She did this to make him feel sorry for her and give in to her cunning ways. She had finally found someone close enough to listen to her pitiful life story without passing a judgment on her and it all started from,Maybe I will yet. and so with such passion she let lose what she had bottled up inside for a while. She couldnt care about what Lennie had to say when he included his own dream in the conversation, she went on with her story quickly, before she could be interrupted. For someone desperate to talk to someone she seemed awfully ungrateful and selfish. She was fully aware of what he was capable of yet she still took the risk of getting to close. She took Lennies hand and put it on her head she told him to Feel right aroun this was the biggest shift she could have ever possibly made.From the slightest jerk he began to panic. His child and animalistic side began to collide again. Like a child he held on and panicked, however, he didnt realize he was hurting her and she wasnt inviolable enough to struggle free. She died young and still could have made something of herself but she could never get another chance after that. This quote is taken after Curleys wife died, her dreams like the others but hers different of missing to be famous were shattered.Crooks is just the isolated nigger at the bottom of the social hierarchy on the ranch who constantly got degraded by everyone. His status is even lower than any womans. Any minacious person to those times would have the most selfless dream, to be treat as an equal and to have freedom. George and Lennie were the only o nes that communicated with Crooks so it probably made him feel somewhat wanted. Crooks also developed a desire to nub the dream. Crooks constantly had to take everything thrown at him verbally by Curleys wife as he had no status as a busted-back nigger.She constantly abused him and when he finally decided to stand up for him self he got knocked back down again. Keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. This shows that if Crooks did anything out of the mine run it will be reported and he will be dealt with in harsh ways. It made him realise that he couldnt take part in the dream, all hope had been lost thanks too the nemesis Curleys wife made. Every character mentioned above presented their dreams in the form of a story to another character. Each of the dreams were different yet sympathetic in many ways.All of the dreams resorted to freedom from somewhere or someone, and not to suffer from financial problems. They all wanted to be able to support themselves and survive from what they owned. The only difference being that some were unrealistic and they had different views of the dreams they wished too accomplish.In the past Curleys wife was close to being an actress twice. Only thing that stopped her was her mother, who didnt let this dream hold knowing what the consequences would be later on in life. George, Lennie and Candy were less than a month away from completing their task of obtaining the land.In the end Lennie accidentally ruined everything and didnt even know what he had caused. Crooks wasnt as close, he only had hopes of becoming apart of the dream, but nothing had been established officially. I think the situation on the whole modify George the most as it was originally his aim to work towards it and without it he mat up like there was nothing left for him. He lost religion in his dream and his fellow companion. I believe Steinbeck looked at how the great(p) Depression affected the differen t people in America and sympathized on their behalf. All the characters represent all types of people in America the elderly, disabled, women and the ethnic minorities. They all played important parts as they helped to show how major(ip) the issue was.

Vehicle of Social Expression

Music is the most powerful vehicle of tender dribbleion. As the embodiment of love, disapproval, happiness, experience life, medicinal drug speaks to us, because it comes from us. Each people, in each paradine of the human experience instinctively and systematically alteration the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, dour music, more specifically mind music, has been that music that has brought to plain view that which evidences our humanity hope, hurt, joy and passion in such a way that the world has no new(prenominal) natural selection than to feel its power and marvel in its brilliance.When integrity discusses the relationship between soul music and the civil rights movement, it brings a dialouge very akin to that of the wimp and the egg. The period of Classic thought is that period primarily, but not all referenced as the 1950s, 60s and 70s (Stephenson 186). This is the clock frame of the American Civil Rights Movement , and the impact of the massive changes exit on, ar reflected in the music and the culture.So one would be correct in both assuming that the Civil Rights Movement gave rise to Soul music, as much Soul music contributed to the success of the campaign for civil rights. Soul music during its heyday, did more than simply entertain. For a race of people it served as a source of motivation, strength and education, for a people immersed in uproar and tragedy. The institution of segregation had effectively inhibited the general populaces aw beness of the great achievements and contributions made by African-americans throughout the history of the linked States (Franklin 429).Inasmuch, Soul music sought to bring that nethersight to light. Soul songs like Donny Hathaways To Be Young, Gifted and smuggled, was revolutionary, in that they sought to instill self-complacency of ones history, but at the same time motivate a new generation to reach new heights. As Hathaway says, We must arrest to tell our young, Dont you know that there is a alone world waiting for you? , he is calling for the teaching of barren pride to the youth, which was a wide spread trend in black communities of the 60s and 70s (Hathaway). crowd together cooks Say It Loud, Im Black and Im Proud, became an anthem for the movement ( brownness). The songs lyrics like, . Dont quit moving, until we get what we deserve wed rather die on our feet, than keep living on our knees, were words of inspiration for those come to in the struggle for equality. Whereas the predominant theme of rhythm and blues was love and other kind of human relationships, soul singers voiced concern about the kindly injustice, racial pride, black militancy, and forms of protest (Southern 517).Eileen Southerns accedement on Soul music greatly describes the type of works produced by Hathaway and Brown at the time, yet was definetly not exclusive to these two artists. The period wherein Soul intertwined with the Civil Rights Mo vement, produced music greatly influenced by the environment in which its creators lived. Donny Hathaways, Ghetto, and Marvin Gayes Inner City Blues (Makes Me Wanna Holler), speak of the harshness of life in the Inner City (Hathaway/Gaye).Societal ills and political unrest were a major(ip) theme of Soul music, and Marvin Gayes work, almost more than any other artist, was demonstrative of this fact. Gayes album Whats Goin On, was his commentary on the favorable problems of the period, and through its success tremendously impacted the increasing social awareness. despondency within the black familiarity was given voice in Gayes Inner City Blues. Inflation, taxes, unemployment and police brutality were numbered among the themes addressed in the song.The sense of hopelesness of the piece can best be conveyed in the pull saying, this life aint worth the living. makes me wanna holler, throw up both my hands (Gaye). Save the Children goes on to ask Who is forgeting to elbow grease an d save a world that is destined to die? , yet goes on to say live life for the children lets save the children (Gaye). So, rase in the midst of great despair, Gaye, and other artist of his genre, did believe in the possibility of change. in timeing gown of Confusion, debuting in 1970, gave the Temptations take on the societal ills plaguing their times.It explored the duster migration to the suburbs, urban riots, politicians, etc. , as it expressed the sense of turmoil experience during that time which seemed to all come together in a Ball of Confusion. The lyrics state that the yet person talking about love my familiar is the preacher the just now person interested in learning is the instructor(Temptations). These lines express a theme of love and education as the recuperate to societys problems. In a deeper sense, it says that people should focus on solutions, not the problems which wee despair.In the purpose of this solution-based songwriting, a strong, no-holds-barre d message to youth about the immensity of getting an education was given voice in October of 1966. James Browns Dont Be a Drop Out is a story of a nod off out who compares himself to friends who continued their education. The song says, they kept on pushing when the going got tough, and now they know that things dont seem so rough(Brown). James Brown knew the importance of this first hand having no formal education.He use a program which encouraged kids to stay in school and gave scholarships for those that cute to go to college. Brown also worked to improve the quality of education in urban areas. He later releases two anti-drug songs, King Heroin and unexclusive Enemy No. 1. He had realized the devastation that drugs brought to the black biotic community and the songs were used as the in additionl to educate blacks about their danger. James had become a role model for black youth not still through his music but through his commitment to the black community, and then serv ing as a shining example of the lessons of his music.Browns message of change by improving currently existing systems was conservative in semblance to some more radical artists. These artists, like the Last Poets, belived that change would only come around through a revolution. The Last Poets who use a combination of spoken word and music in their song Niggers argon Scared of diversity exemplify this. The song addresses apathy in the black community about black revolution and the lack of participation in the movement (Last Poets). Gil Scott Heron is an artist with a similar message.His work The Revolution Will Not Be Televised discuss the medias purposeful ommitasnce of pertinent black issues, and the manner in which change will occur. The song Power to the stack by the Chi-Lites was originally the slogan for the Black Panther Party. Young, Gifted and Black by Nina Simone, People Get Ready by the Impressions and Edwin Starrs War are just a few of the many songs which drew the bla ck community together to raise social consciousness. Black music, specifically Soul music, will never diasppear.Though the motivation for the music may change nominally, the spirit behind it will always stay the same. Passion, pain, despair, love and hope, will perpetually remain key elements of the human experience. This truth is the reason in which we consume seen Soul music change to fit the times in which it exists. or so hip-hop artists such as De La Soul, Public Enemy and even Arrested Development carried a strong message of social change. Yet, their time too was limited as the black American climate slightly changed. instantly artist such as the crowned king and queen of the fresh dubbed category of Neo-classic soul bear the torch. DAngelo and Erykah Badu talk about revolution and the state of the black community and relationships. Badus On and On expresses her thoughts of how she feels that we are born into the ticker of a world in constant struggle as she says, . my li fe keeps going like a rollling stone.. I was born under water with three dollars and six dimes (a metaphor to 360 degrees in reference to her imperishable struggle)(Baduizm).DAngelo addresses the rampant use of marijuana in his Brown Sugar as he writes, I want some more of your brown shekels. your love makes me high right to the sky. my eyes are phone line burgundy. His Devils Pie addresses drugs and money (Belly Soundtrack). Both Badu and DAngelo give their takes on bad relationships in Tyrone and Shit, Damn, become Fucker, respectively. Badus Other Side of the Game even addresses the issue of being involved with a man who sells drugs.She writes, Do I really want my nestling.. work aint honest, but it pays the bills. The subject matter addressed by Badu and DAngelo express many of the problems endured by todays generation, some of which may not have been experienced in the same manner of generations past. Music is an expression of life. Hence, it can only be a reflection of l ifes experiences. Soul music speaks directly to the human experience. It attacks the maladies of our existence. It empathizes with our pains, and rejoices in our happiness. Masterfully, has it changed so as that it remains sensitive to our needs today. just now the beat has changed. The Soul of soul, however, the message, will always remain.

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay

historic and Scientific Perspectives on Homo versedityIs homosexuality a choice or genetic? Homosexuality is becoming more(prenominal) and more customary any over the dry land. There atomic number 18 many different perspectives and theories regarding homosexuality. There are diachronic, culture, species, scientific, and psychological perspectives on being a homosexual person scarcely which is true and which is simply a theory. Homosexual PerspectivesHistoric solelyy being a gay man or a lesbian was a transgress. gibe to the reading sodomy is a sin and was most likely the lawsuit why Sodom was destroyed all those years ago. Historically any loss of sperm not meant for procreation is a sin. However, in ancient Greece it was common for established men to form sexual relationships with young men about the age of growing a beard. There are pictures on vases that image a man inserting his penis between a boys legs but not in the anus. I cogitate that given the historical vie ws of homosexual behaviors it makes some plurality opine that it is silence wrong and should still be hidden from pile.It also depends on how a person was raise in my opinion. If a person was raised to believe that it is a sin to enter into homosexual relationships then they will try to hide it from e reallyone for as long as possible. However, if a person was raised to believe that there is nothing wrong with being homosexual then they will be more likely to be open about it. (Rathus, 2011) A content was done in 76 preliterate countries as to if manlike-male person relationships were considered to be acceptable. In 49 of these countries it was considered to be normal and acceptable for male-male relationships. However, the former(a) 27 countries had sanctions if you were caught in male-male relationships. Another study was done years later that was of 70 of the worlds non-European societies and the prevalence of male-male relationships. 41% of the 70 found that male-male se xual relationships were accede but red-carpet(prenominal). The other 59% claimed that it was rare or absent in their societies. In some countrieslike New Guinea it is considered a ceremony of passage for boys between the ages of 7 and 10 to leave their homes and move into a clubhouse with adolescent boys and adult males. While living there they would mess up the older boys and drink their semen. They are encouraged to drink as a great deal semen as possible to give them a rise in puberty.However, in their late teens early 20s they are expected to take a bride and enter in exclusively into male-female relationships. I think that homosexuals would be more open about their homosexuality depending on if it is accepted in the connection that they live in. There are many reasons as to why great deal hide that they are homosexual from those around them but I think that the most common reason is that they liveliness that they will not be accepted by others if they tell. (Rathus, 201 1) In the fleshly kingdom it is not uncommon for there to be male-male or female-female sexual relationships. However, in male-male relationships in the animal kingdom it is usually an act of dominance not pleasure. This is very analogous to the behaviors of male and female inmates or those with limited access to the opposite gender. In prison there is a dominant and submissive person convoluted in these male-male and female-female sexual relationships. (Rathus, 2011) Coming Out and AdjustingWhen a gay male or a lesbian announces that they are a gay male or lesbian it is commonly referred to as coming out. I think that depending on the person and the society that they live in it is easy to advance out. If you live in a society that accepts it even if they do not approve of it then it is easier to come out to people. It also depends on the fight back that a person has around them. If a person has a level-headed support system than they will have an easier time coming out. Howev er, if they feel that they will be scorned, mocked, harassed, or any other form of frustrate then they will be less likely to come out. (Rathus, 2011) I think that the adjustment is the same for homosexuals as it is for heterosexuals. It is more of a modus vivendi choice and therefore depending on how you live your life you will be happy. However, before a person comes out they may be very stressed, tense, overwhelmed, or any number of other feeling and emotions because they are cover who they are from the world. Personal BeliefsI do not think that the historical or scientific reasons from the readinghave really shaped my sexual orientation. I think that religion might have a lot in some peoples lives but me personally I think that a person should be judged for who they are not for their sexuality. Scientifically, I think that there is possibly a gene in the military man body that causes you to be gay or lesbian but I do not think that I have that gene if it does exist. I think that I like who I like regardless of what other people think. Homosexuality is different for every person. There are people who are proud to be homosexual and there are people who are ashamed of being a homosexual. I think that this all depends on how a person is raised and what their beliefs are on the subject. No two people are exactly the same and this is true of homosexuals as well. What works for one person might not work for another(prenominal) person. Homosexuality is only on aspect of a persons life and thus a person should not be judged and case-hardened differently for this one aspect of their life.ReferencesRathus, S. A., Nevid, J.S., and Fichner-Rathus, L. (2011). Human sexuality in a world of diversity (8th ed.) Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon.

Iron Crowned Chapter 2

I retreated to my chamber as soon as etiquette allowed, collapsing onto the jazz the moment I entered. Dorian had followed me in, and I tossed an arm over my eyes, groaning.Do you think that expose helped draw us over with Ranelle or scared her rack up?I mat up Dorian sit on the bed beside me. Hard to say. At the genuinely least, I dont think itll turn her superpower against us. Were likewise terrifying and unst fit.I smiled and uncovered my construction, looking into those green and gold eyes. If only that reputation would afford to every(prenominal) unmatchable else. I heard a rumor the H angiotensin-converting enzymeysuckle state susceptibility join with Katrice. H mavinstly, how all unitary could call their kingdom that and keep a straight example is beyond me.Dorian leaned over me, lightly brushing h line of reasoning from my face and trailing his fingers on my cheekbone. Its rather lovely, actually. Almost tropical. I mean, its no everlasting(a) wasteland of a desert kingdom, however its non half bad.I was so used to his jibes about my kingdom that thither was almost well-nighthing consolatory about them. His fingers ran d admit to my neck and were soon replaced by his lips. Honestly, Im not discerning about this Honeysuckle place. Its other potential allies worrying me. Hey, stop. His lips had move down to my collarbone, and his hand was starting to lift my apparel. I wriggled away. I dont hush up time.He lifted his point, arching an eyebrow in surprise. You prolong approximately place to be? yeah, actually. I sighed. I throw a argumentation back in Tucson. Besides, Im filthy.Dorian was undeterred and re rancid to trying to get my shirt off. Ill help bathe you.I swatted his hand away precisely then pulled him over so that I could put my arms around him and restrict him against me. I knew he needinessed more than than cuddling, tho I didnt ca-ca the energy. Considering his refrainidious nature, I was surprised he c onsented to resting his head on my chest, verify as how dirty and ragged the shirt was.No offense, solely Ill expunge gentle showers any day over some servant lugging pee up to a tub.You cant leave without talking to Ranelle, he pointed out. And you cant rule her wish well this.I grimaced and ran my hand over his brilliant hair. Damn it. He was right. I was windless(prenominal)ness bad at this queen thing, exclusively I knew adequate about gentry customs to know that if I genuinely did want the Linden queen mole rats help, I would need to look and sound good. So some(prenominal) to do. Never enough time. All so wearying.Dorian lifted his head and looked back down at me. Was it bad?He was referring to last nights battle. Its evermore bad. Im still not okay with pot fighting and dying for me. peculiarly over one insult. The living suffered from this war too. I often had refugees flood tide to me for food and shelter.Their kingdoms at stake, he give tongue to. Their homes. And that was more than an insult. Letting it pass would contri onlye the Thorn Land look weak like prey. It would misrepresent you apply to invasion, which is the same as surrendering to Katrice. Your people dont want that. They have to fight.But w here(predicate)fore do yours fight?Dorian looked at me like that was a imbalanced question. Because I tell them to.I left the conversation at that and called for a servant to fill the bathtub in the chamber adjacent to my bedroom. It was a tedious task I hated making them do, though Dorian would no doubt argue it was their duty to. The conjuration Id inherited from my autocrat father gave me control over storm elements, so I could have summoned water straight to the tub, rather than making my servants haul it up one bucket at a time. The Thorn Land was so dry, however, that pulling that much water magically would both dry out the castles air even more and possibly gobble up surrounding vegetation.The servants had their own pick up to the bath chamber, and as soon as we heard them hauling and move water, Dorian grinned and pulled me back to the bed. See? he said. Now we have time.I stop protesting. And as our clothes came off and I felt up the alter of his lips, I had to admit to myself that I wasnt averse to sex, not really. This war really did put our lives constantly at risk, and he had worried about me. Having me here, unify physically, retardmed to reassure him that I truly was all right. And I took comfort in it too, being with this man Id fallen in love with against all reason. Id at one time feared and hated the gentry and it had taken me a long time to assert Dorian.Sex was surprisingly tame for us this time. Usually, we effect ourselves caught up in bad, kinky sex, sex that was a game of power and control I both loved and felt dirty about. Now, I sat on top of him, wrapping my legs around his hips as I drew him privileged me. A sigh of bliss escaped his lips, his eyes closing as I began to slowly move my body and ride him. A moment later, his eyes unfastened and held mine with an expression of much(prenominal) affection and want that a chill ran through me.It eer amazed me that he found me so desirable. Id seen his past lovers sexy, voluptuous women with curves and cleavage reminiscent of classic Hollywood star permits. My bodys build was lean and athletic from all the activity I did, my breasts clean nicely shaped though sonorously porn star quality. Yet, since wed officially become a couple these last few months, he had never looked at another(prenominal) woman. It was me he watched, his gaze hungry even at the most unromantic times.I increased my pace, tilting forward and rocking us so that more of my body rubbed against his, obstetrical delivery me closer to orgasm. I came shortly there afterwards, my lips leave-taking without a sound as a sweet ecstasy wracked my body, and every nerve in my skin seemed to ignite. I leaned forward, kissing him , letting his spiel explore my mouth as his fingers stroked my nipples.The door to the bath chamber all at once opened, and I jerked my head up as a servant peered in. Your majesty? The bath is ready. Her words were bland, and she disappeared as quickly as shed come. My being defenseless on top of Dorian hadnt seemed like any big continue to her and believably, it wasnt. The gentry had much looser sexual mores than humans, public displays being very common. It probably would have been weirder for her if she hadnt found her monarchs immediately passing at it upon my return.This sexual ease wasnt something Id picked up, and Dorian knew it. No, no, he said, feeling me slow down in my shock. The reach cupping my breasts moved down to my hips. Lets finish this.Dragging my eyes from the door, I turned my attention back to him and found my arousal returning. He rolling me over, not holding anything back now that Id come. He pushed his body into mine, laggard as hard and fast as he could. Moments later, his body shuddered, his fingers turn over in where he gripped my arms. I loved honoring it happen, loved watching this smug, confident king lose his control amidst my thighs. When he finished, I gave him another long, lingering kiss and then slid over to lie beside him.He exhaled in contentment, regarding me again with that mix of hunger and love. He wouldnt say it, but I knew he always secretly hoped that somehow, some way, our lovemaking would endpoint in me getting pregnant. I had explained to him a hundred times how pay control pills worked, but the gentry had difficulty with conception, making them obsessed with having children. Dorian claimed he cute a child just for the sake of having one with me, but the prophecy about my firstborn son sequestering military man had always been alluring. Obviously, I wasnt in favor of that idea hence my ferocity on contraceptives. Dorian had ostensibly let go of that dream for my sake, but there were days I suspected he wouldnt mind fathering such a conqueror. As it was, our league already make us dangerous. He loved me, I was certain, but he also craved power. Our joined kingdoms put us in a good position to conquer others, if we chose.It was difficult leaving him, but there was too much to be done. I retreated to the bath, washing both sex and battle off of me. Life and death. The tub was only big enough for one, but Dorian seemed utterly happy watching me and lounging in the afterglow. He was less mad about my wardrobe choice. As queen, I had a clo learn fill up with elaborate dresses, dresses he loved seeing me in. As a human shaman, Id also made sure it was stocked with human clothes. He looked at my jeans and tank top with dismay.Ranelle would be more impressed with a dress, he said. Especially one that showed your lovely cleavage.I rolled my eyes. We were back in my bedroom, and I was loading myself up with weapons charmed jewelry and an iron athame, along with a satchel co ntaining a gun, a wand, and a silver athame. Youd be more impressed with that. And anyway, itd be a waste now.Not true. He got up from the bed, still naked, and gently pushed me against the wall, cautious of the athames sharp blade. Im ready again.I could see that he was, and honestly, I probably could have gone back to bed too. Whether that was from lust or a reluctance to fulfill my impending tasks, it was hard to say.Later, I told him, brushing a kiss against his lips.He regarded me suspiciously. Later gist a lot of things with you. An hour. A day.I smiled and kissed him again. Not more than a day. I reconsidered. Maybe two. I laughed at the face this earned me. Ill see what I can do. Now get some clothes on in the beginning the women around here are driven into a frenzy.He gave me a mournful look. Im afraid thatll happen with or without clothes, my dear.When we finally managed to part, I headed off toward Ranelles room, my post-sex good humor fading. A little air magic left me with only semi-wet hair by the time I reached her. erstwhile admitted, I found her writing a letter at her rooms desk. beholding me, she leapt up and curtsied.Your highness.I motioned her down and took a nearby chair. No need. I just wanted to have a quick chat before I returned to the human world. Her face twitched a little at this, but ambassador training quickly moved her past how strange she probably found that. The ease with which I jumped worlds wasnt normal for gentry. Im sorry for the grisly display this morning. And that I havent been around much during your visit.Youre at war, Your stateliness. These things happen. Besides, King Dorian has been quite hospitable in your absence.I hid a smile. Ranelle was hardly in a frenzy, but it was clear Dorian had charmed her, as he did so many women. Im glad. Were you writing your king?She nodded. I wanted to send him my describe right away, although Ill be leaving later today.Magic filled the Otherworld and the gentry, and there w ere those among them with the power to expedite messages. A magical e-mail, of sifts. It allowed gossip to spread fast and meant her letter would get back to her homeland before she did. I look it on the desk.What will you tell him?She hesitated. May I be blunt, Your Majesty?Of course, I said, smiling. Im human. Er, half human.I empathize with you. I understand your grade and know King Damos will too. She was carefully skirting the explicit dilate of Leith raping me. But tragic as your situation is well, it is your situation. I dont believe its one we should risk the lives of our people for begging your pardon, Your Majesty. Delivering bad news obviously made her uneasy. My father, honorifically referred to as Storm King, had been known for his power and cruelty. I wasnt as ruthless, but Id had my share of frightening shows of power as well.No offense taken, I assured her. But if I may also be blunt, your king is in a precarious situation. Hes growing old. His power will fin ally fade. Your kingdom will be open for others to move in on.Ranelle went perfectly still. The lands of the Otherworld bound themselves to those with enough power to claim them. Are you threatening us, Your Majesty? she asked quietly.No. I have no interest in another kingdom curiously one so far away. Distance was sexual relation in the Otherworld, but the Linden Land did take a go longer to get to compared to some of the kingdoms nearer to me, like the Rowan Land and Dorians Oak Land.Perhaps not, she said un sure. But its no secret King Dorian has wanted to expand his territory. Thats why he took you as a consort, right?Now I stiffened. No. Thats not it at all. uncomplete of us have interest in your land. But your neighbors or people within the land itself probably do. From what Ive heard, Damos would like his daughter to inherit.Ranelle nodded slowly. Inheritance was by power here, not by blood but most monarchs still longed for family succession, if they were lucky enough to have children at all. I gave Ranelle a cognise smile.Her control of the land depends on her own power, of course. But if Damos helped us now, we could certainly help later against any usurpers hoping to claim the Linden Land.Assassination, outright war. The methods were less important than my meaning. Ranelle stayed silent, no doubt turning this over in her mind. Was a promise like that worth committing their armies to? Unclear. But it was certainly worth asking to her king.And, I added casually, shifting us from that dangerous topic, Id be happy to treat very favorable trade agreements with your king.By which I meant my staff would treat it. I hated frugals and the politics of trade. But, my kingdom had literally and figuratively become a hot commodity. My shaping it in Arizonas image had created acetous conditions but also brought along tons of copper deposits. Copper was the question metal in a world that couldnt work with iron.Ranelle nodded again. I understand. Ill summate this to his attention.Good. I rose from my chair. Im sorry I have to go now, but definitely let anyone here know if you need anything else. And send my greetings to Damos.Ranelle told me she would, and I left her, feeling rather pleased with myself. I disliked these sort of diplomatic talks almost as much as economic ones, mostly because I didnt think I was very adept. But that one had gone well, and even if the Linden Land didnt join us, I felt certain Dorian had been right they wouldnt fight against us either.I was base on balls toward the castles exit, intending to go to the nearest gate back to the human world, when I passed a certain hallway. I hesitated, staring down it as I waged a mental war. Then, grimacing, I altered my destination and turned the corner. The room I sought was easy to find because two guards stood outside of it. Both were Dorians soldiers, chosen because if anyone was going to father the heir to Storm Kings legacy, they wanted it to be their own lord. And everyone knew I was the mother he wanted, not the rooms occupant.One of the guards knocked and then opened the door slightly. The queen is here.I didnt need permission to enter any room in my own castle but still waited for a response. Come in.I entered and found Jasmine sitting cross-legged on her bed, attempting some kind of embroidery. Seeing me, she irritably tossed it aside. This is the poor fishest thing ever. I wish the luster ones had more fun things to do. I wish I could go ahorseback riding.That last part was spoken with a knowing tone, and I unheeded it. Jasmine was under house arrest, and I wasnt about to allow an activity that strength let her slip her guards. I picked up the green velvet shed been working(a) on and studied her stitches.Goldfish? I asked.Daffodils she exclaimed.I hastily set it down. Really, considering the loose iron chains she wore on her wrists to stunt magic use, it was telling that she could sew at all.Im going back to Tucson, I sai d. I wanted to check on you.She shrugged. Im fine.Despite her young age, Jasmine had wanted and still did want, I suspected to be the mother of Storm Kings heir. The prophecy hadnt been specific. It simply said his daughters first son would be the conqueror. That made it a race between the two of us except I wasnt playing. Her forced stay here ensured she wasnt either. Shed hated me for this initially but had grown more genteel after the war started. She considered Leiths actions an insult to our family. It was bizarre logic, but seeing as it had stopped her temper tantrums, I welcomed it.Do you need anything? I asked. A stupid question to ask someone who wanted freedom.She pointed to the iPod lying beside her. It needs charging again. It always needed charging. Normal battery life aside, the Otherworld interfered with electronics. Books or magazines or something. Id kill for a TV.I smiled. That one was out of my reach. Sometimes I would too when Im here.Howd it go with that Li nden lady? Is she going to help us stave up Katrice? Jasmines moping face suddenly turned fierce. She had powers similar to mine, and while not as strong, they could still cause a lot of damage. If Id let her loose, Jasmine would probably march right over to the Rowan Land and try to bring the castle down.I dont know. Im not getting my hopes up.Jasmines gray eyes turned calculating, making her seem wiser than her fifteen years should be capable of. As long as you and Dorian stay together, youre the badasses around here especially you. Surprisingly, there was no sneer as she said this. But youve gotta make sure Maiwenn doesnt join Katrice. You know shes thinking about it.Yes, despite her often pouty and childish attitude, Jasmine was smart. Youre right, I said. But thinking and doing are two polar things. You said it yourself Dorian and I are badasses. I dont think shes going to want to mess with us.There was something comfortable about being able to have a discussion with someone not using the gentrys starchy language construction.Probably not. But shes scared to death youre going to have our fathers heir. Jasmine eyed me carefully. You havent changed your mind, have you? You and Dorian certainly do it enough.Thats none of your business, I said, wondering if that servant had already talked about what shed seen in bed.Tell that to Dorian. He brags about it all the time.I groaned, knowing it was true. Well, regardless, Im not having kids anytime soon.You should, Jasmine said. Or let me. Katrice would totally back off.And then Maiwenn really would come after us. Maiwenn control the Willow Land and was very much against Storm Kings prophecy climax true. She also had a few other reasons for not liking my alliance with Dorian or rather, her associates did.Yeah, said Jasmine. But you could still kick her ass.I rose and scooped up the iPod, putting it in my satchel. Lets stick to one ass-kicking at a time.An awkward silence fell. How odd that wed just had a civi l conversation. Id grown up an only child, sometimes wishing I had a sister. The one Id ended up with was hardly what Id expected, but maybe I should be grateful for even this.Well, I said at last. Ill see you soon.She nodded and picked up the velvet, scowling at it as though it had given her individualized offense. I was almost at the door when she suddenly said, Eugenie?I glanced back. Yeah?Will you bring me some Twinkies?I smiled. Sure.She didnt look up from her embroidery, but I was almost certain she smiled too.

Critical Analysis of The Iceman Cometh Essay

It is a fundamental law of storytelling that in order for an author to capture and handle the readers interest, the author must pee hard-nosed characters, wizards that be relatable, genuine, and plainly likeable. In the works of Eugene ONeill, he induces that rule of realistic character develop custodyt and proceeds to warp and twist it into a attractively mangled paradigm of raw humaneity and pessimism. He formulates characters that atomic number 18 babble out derelicts to society, severally one desperately hanging on to their hopeless dreams, each one hauntingly familiar to us.ONeill, one of the more well-kn ingest twentieth century American shoo-inwrights, borrows from the thinking of Nietzsche to strip away the fluff of human per passwordality, exposing the basic, eternally somber midland workings of the human psyche. In his figure outs, such as The methamphetamine hydrochloride musical composition Cometh, ONeill consistently portrays a spotless nihilistic them e that at that place is no deity, one of the first in his field to toy with the idea. He preaches that there is no great compensate in liveness, that even after years, perhaps even a aliveness of suffering, there is no pay off the nonwithstanding thing you take scratch off is the relief that is destruction.ONeills The Ice patch Cometh, a play brought to Broadway which went on to celebrated success, is the story of, more or less, drunken slobs. The plays epicenter is a bar/ boarding house where a theme of drunken derelicts chafferm to live. The hotel being named after the owner, get to Hope, is preposterously ironic, seeing as how most all of the bar flies pass on little or no hope left in there lives, yet they all dream of their tomorrows paying their bills tomorrow, getting their job foul tomorrow, making a fresh start tomorrow.The plot revolves around the m both bar aidees, but sixty year old Larry Slade plays the lineament of the red-hot objective commentat or, a person who has decidedly removed himself from the anarchist group called The bm and the responsibilities of mainstream life. He and his companions eagerly await the arrival of their salesman fri demolition love bite, who comes down twice a year to waste all off his property on buying everyone drinks. However before love bite arrives, founding father Parrit, the son of an ex-loer of Larrys, a woman who was also in the Movement, comes to Larry seeking help.Appargonntly the Movement has nearly collapsed on account of roughone selling the group out, resulting in the arrest of Parrits mother, Rosa. Shortly afterwards, Hickey arrives, which would usually put the men in good spirits. Hickey has changed though, and instead of being his usual pleasurable self, his is sullen and depressed, evangelically preaching to the others that they should renounce their scream dreams as he has that it is only when this is done can one authentically obtain free will, a doctrine that Larry h as already put into effect.That night, they celebrate Harrys birthday, but everyone has become irritable and quarrel many, what with Hickeys grouchiness and unwillingness to drink. The story reaches its mop up when Hickey announces the close of his wife, and all the character become infuriated with Hickey for reminding them of their pathetic grasp on pipe dreams, prompting them all to in the end get moving towards turning those pipe dreams into realities. However their dreams fall apart the second they start, and they all return to the bar in the end as yet their shreds of hope have been dashed by their confrontations with reality, and they all resent Hickey.Hickey then tells them that he actually killed his wife out of sheer nuisance for constant forgiveness, and Parrit admits that he sold out his mother and the movement for equal reasons. Overcome with guilt, Parrit asks Larry to sentence his punishment, plot Harry turns himself into the police, believing himself to be ins ane. Larry in conclusion confronts his own fear of death by ordering Parrits self-annihilation, in the end leaving Larry with his own desire for death.The characters in The Ice Man Cometh are essentially sad and entirely pathetic the dynamics that baffle between them seem so raw and primitive that it borders on the unreal. Although containing a well-sized cast, the play mainly focuses on the interactions between Larry, Parrit and Hickey (Bogard 51). From the beginning of the play, we are introduced to Larry as a man removed from society, one who cares not to create any more bonds or relationships with the instauration and its inhabitants. Larry tells us this himself when he says So I said to the world, god bless all here, and may the surmount man win nd die of gluttony And I took a seat in the grandstand of philosophical detachment to fall sound asleep(predicate) observing the cannibals do their death dance. (ONeill Plays of Our time 12)Larry attempts to play the part of th e casually detached Ubermensch or Overman as proposed by Nietzsche. Nietzsche describes the Ubermensch as, the kernel of the earth. Let your will say the overman shall be the meaning of the earth I beseech you, my brothers, remain faithful to the earth, and do not believe those who announce to you of otherworldly hopes (Towards the Ubermensch). What Nietzsche basically illustrates is a man who lives in reality, and does not expect anything more from it he does not expect an afterlife, nor any rejoin for his life he is a man living by his own morals, not buying into slave morality, the basic set of morals impressed upon society (Wilcox 13). However it should be noted that Larry attempts to play this role he successfully does so, up until Don Parrit enters his life and tugs at the a couple of(prenominal) heartstrings Larry has left.In the past, Larry was a father figure to Parrit, and now Parrit has come tooshie trying to fill that paternal void in his life. After symbolically killing his mother by selling her out to the cops, Parrit yearns to find some semblance of a reliable parent. Although Larry clearly declares his new outlook on life, he is eventually convinced by Hickey to kill that pipe dream of his, his own fear of death, and takes responsibility for Parrits betrayal by sentencing him to his suicide. In his line Go Get the hell out of life, God damn you, before I choke it out of youGo up- Larry is in theory sucked back into the real world by acknowledging that bond he shares with Parrit (ONeill Plays of Our time 138). Hickey, like Larry, is another example of the influence Nietzsche had on ONeill. When Hickey in the long run returns, he preaches to the rest of the men to give up their dreams, and it is only then can one be totally free. This sudden quest to destroy the American dream is similar to Nietzsches rejection of the Judeo-Christian faith and its ideals of redemption (Orr 91).By refusing the notion of an afterlife, one is truly free i n that you realize your actions have no real consequence. nates Orr goes as far as to describe Hickey as both(prenominal) a Christ and an Antichrist figure to the barflies. His preaching offers no one redemption because they all end up back at the bar, mentally worse off than before, symbolically dead, but he himself is crucified when he turns himself in to the police. Edmund Wilson said, Eugene ONeill, nearly always, with whatever crudeness, is expressing some real experience, some impact today from life. (382).And Wilson is right many, if not all of ONeills plays serve as a personal reflection of his thoughts and experiences in life. In cases like The Ice Man Cometh, Bogard suggests that the characters he writes about mimic the people he encountered while he spent his days in the saloons of New Orleans. As one notices in the early stage directions, the characters are described as specific types of people Joe Mott being mildly negroid in type Piet Wetjoen A Dutch farmer typ e and claiming McGloin has the occupation of policeman stamped all over him (51).There is no doubt these characters were based on people or groups of certain people he has encountered in his life. The motif of alcoholism is unambiguous in The Ice Man Cometh, and of course, ONeill had first hand experience with alcohol problems. It was his constant drinking that mollified the shock of learning of his mothers morphine addiction, and what also got him thrown out of Princeton University. Even ONeills nihilistic rejection of Christianity stems from his early childhood, when he insisted that he no longer attend Catholic school, but instead go to a secular boarding school.Also, the suicide attempt of Jimmy Tomorrow and the successful suicide of Don Parrit are reflective of ONeills own struggle with suicide back in 1912, ironically the same year The Ice Man Cometh takes place. With this knowledge of ONeills troubled and mentally disturbed past, we are able to discern the basic themes of Th e Ice Man Cometh. However this in itself is no easy task, the play is multi-layered, dealing with themes that involve dreams of death, and the existence of God however they all stem from a focal point which is the inner turmoil that exists within man.In the beginning of the play, Larry describes Hopes Hotel to Parrit, which coincidentally enough is a perfect metaphor for the mens lives What is it? Its the No chance Saloon. The Bedrock Bar, The End of the Line Cafe, The Bottom of the Sea Rathskellar Dont you notice the beautiful calm in the atmosphere? Thats because its the outlive think of. No one here has to worry about where theyre going next, because there is no farther they can go. Its a great comfort to them.Although even here they keep up the appearances of life with a few harmless pipe dreams about their yesterdays and tomorrows, as youll see for yourself if youre here long. (ONeill Plays of Our quantify 19). Larry repeats the idea that the hotel is the end of the line, t hat at bottom its walls there lies no chance, that its the last harbor. And so it is, the hotel symbolically becoming a sort of limbo, a fuddle in the wall place where the burnouts and ruined lives come to kill some time as they subconsciously wait for their deaths.Even ONeill describes the hotel in the first few lines of his stage directions as The back manner and a section of the bar of Harry Hopes saloon on an early morning in summer, 1912. The right wall of the back mode is a dirty black curtain which separates the barThe back mode is crammed with round tables and chairs placed so close together that it is a herculean squeeze to pass between themThe walls and ceiling once were white, but it was a long time ago, and they are now so splotched, peeled, stained and shabby that their color can best be described at dirty. (ONeill Plays of Our Time 7).The hotel exists as a microcosm removed from society the cramped back room full of dirty furniture and even dirtier people, repre senting the grim reality of death that lies in the dark recesses of the inhabitants minds. To end up at this bar is to notice your death. However all the hotels inhabitants hold on to their pipe dreams, their last great memories of reality, all making empty promises to get back on their feet. However, they still sit, waiting for the relief of death.Their relief is that they can finally end the suffering of day-to-day existence and leave this earth. Nietzsche pushes the notion that the only world that truly exists is the physical one. There remains no great hammy ending, no glorious redemption, there is no higher being that any of us must answer to or any grand venire that is weighing our every action, the apparent world is the only one the straight world is mere added by a lie (Wilcox 73). These men finally meet their death-bringer when salesman Theodore Hickman, to them known as Hickey, enters the hotel.Yearly coming by for Harry Hopes birthday, always a bringer of life and vit ality (and particularly alcohol), Larry and the others notice a gross change in Hickey. He begins to unnervingly preach the glory of killing your pipe dreams. Hickey convinces the drunkards to parry those great memories of reality, forget those promises to start anew, and accept the fact that they are physically and mentally paralyzed forever stuck in the limbo of Harry Hopes hotel until their death (Bogard 54).Travis Bogard best explained it by saying Their dreams hold at least an whoremaster of lifes essence movement in purposive action. Action, to be sure, will never be taken, but the dreams reveal a basic human truth to foster life, man must preserve a minimal dream of movementshowing the dreamers that they will never take actionbrings the peace of death.

A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588)

Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln Electronic Texts in Ameri faecal matter Studies University of Nebraska Lincoln Year A Brief and avowedly comprehend of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588) interrogative sentenceing Thomas Hariot? Paul Royster , editor program ? University of Nebraska-Lincoln, emailprotected edu This paper is posted at emailprotected of Nebraska Lincoln. http//digital familiars. unl. edu/etas/20 T H O M A S H A R IO T A B R I E F E A N D T RU E R E P ORT OF T H E N E W F O U N D L A N D OFA nvirtuoso on the orthography In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, face printers and type stackters used the u and v interchangeably to represent either sound (thus, euer for ever, vse for use, etc. ), and the i was used around(prenominal)(prenominal) for i and j. Vowels were mathematical functionally printed with either a macron (? ) or a tilde (? ) to indicate a go alonging (implied) nasal n or m (thus c pop issuery for country or the ? ? for them). These features of Thomas Hariots dead on tar perish discrepancy be preserved in this electronic text.V I RG I N I A (158 8) This is an online electronic text edition of the archetypal book published by an English colonist in America. Its cerebrate, Thomas Hariot or Harriot, was a cartographer, mathematician, astronomer, linguist, and philosopher, who was a loticipant in Sir Walter capital of North Carolinas depression green clear-cut to establish a colony in Virginia, on Roanoke Is eject down in modern- twenty-four hours North Carolina, from June 1585 until June 1586. Hariot had learned the rudiwork forcets of the Algonkian verbiage from 2 natives brought back to Eng bring from an earlier exploratory voyage, nd he served as interpreter and liaison with the native communitys of the sur ravishing region. His Brief and True Report focuses largely upon the native inhabitants, giving really oft judg custodyt of convictions valu up to(p) information on their food sources, agricultural methods, living arrangements, political organization, and religion. Published in 1588, with Raleghs support, to help incite both investment and conformtlement, Hariots 13,000-word card in addition gives m whatever details of the merchant able commodities, go downs, animals, and economic opportunities to be set in motion in that admiration.Written by an ethnographer and natural scientist who was an integral tell of the counterbalance English attempt at Ameri discharge colonization, the Brief and True Report is by graze-of-the-way(prenominal) the intumesce-nigh distinguished early English account of North America. This online edition contains near essential an nonations, a textual maintain, and links to separate important online materials relating to the Roanoke colony. K A briefe and truthful rethe commodities thither put in and to be irradiation? ed, as well mar- port of the novel bring bea of Virginia of chantable, as former(a)s f or vi? all, building and an new(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) nece? arie v? es for tho? e that argon and ? halbe the plant lifeers in that location and of the nature and worldly concernners of the naturall inhabitants Di? coue tearing by the Engli? h dependence on that point ? eated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585. which remained vnder the gouernement of Rafe Lane E? quier, star of her Maie? ties Equieres, during the ? pace of twelue mvirtuosothes at the ? peciall charge and dire? ion of the Honourable S I R WA LT E R R A L E I G H Knight, Lord Warden of the ? anneries who in that hath beene fauoured and authori? ed by her Maie? tie and her letters patents Dire? ed to the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Wel go forthers of the a? ion, for the inhabiting and put thither By Thomas Hariot ? eruant to the abouenamed Sir Walter, a member of the Colony, and t here(predicate) imployed in di? couering. Imprinted at London 1588. A Rafe Lane sensation of her Maiesties E quieres and Gouernour of the Colony in Virginia aboue menti unityd for the snip at that place resident. To the gentle Reader, wisheth all happines in the Lord.Lbeit (Gentle Reader) the credite of the reputations in this treatise contained, can infinitesimal be furthered by the testimonie of unrivalled as my selfe, through and through warmheartedness iudged partiall, though without desert Neuerthelesse forsomuch as I haue beene requested by whatever my concomitant friends, who c onceiue much rightly of me, to deliuer freely my live onledge of the resembling not iodinly for the satisfying of them, unless when to a fault for the accepted enformation of anie other whosoeuer, that set outs not with a preiudicate minde to the reading thereof Thus much vpon my credit J am to affirme that lissomgs vniuersally ar so truly set downe in this treatise by the author therof, an Actor in the Colony & a man no lesse for his reality thusly learning commendable as that I d atomic number 18 b agedly auouch it innocencethorn truly well passe with the credit of truth euen amongst the around authentic relatio s of this age. Which ? as for mine own part I am readie whatever was with my word to acknowledge, so in addition (of the certaintie thereof certain by mine owne visualize) with this my pub the alike assertion, I muscularity affirme the equal. F atomic number 18well in the Lorde. To the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Wel get outers of the enterprise for the inhabiting and air in Virginia. 4Ince the commencement exercise off vndertaking by Sir Walter Raleigh to competee in the activeness of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the name of Virginia more(prenominal)(prenominal) than a(prenominal) voyages hauing lay in in that respect halt at sundrie measure to his abundant charge as send-off in the yeere 1584, and subsequentlywardes in the yeeres 1585, 1586, and now of late this last ye ar of 1587 thither ha ue hive away diuers and variable reportes with or so slaunderous and shame rich speeches bruited abroade by m whatsoever that returned from thusly(prenominal)ce. E particularly of that discouery which was do by the Colony transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeargon 1585, organism of all the others the most(prenominal) pencil lead and as unless of most effect, the date of their abode in the countrey beeing a whole ye atomic number 18, when as in the other voyage in front they staied unless sixe bring inkes and the others later on(prenominal) were onelie for supply and transportation, cryptograph more(prenominal)(prenominal) existence discouered and then had been in the set-back place. Which re5 6 ? briefe and lawful report of the unseasoned tack add of Uirginia 7 orts haue not done a litle wrong to m both that otherwise would haue in any case fauoured & aduentured in the go through, to the honour and benefite of our nation, at any rate the partic ular profite and credite which would redound to them selues the dealers therein as I desire by the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary shalbe manifest if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and wel volitioners do just now either encrease in issue forth, or in opinion continue, or hauing flavor away doubtfull re upstarte your dear(p) liking and furtherance to deale therein fit to the worthinesse thereof alreadye build and as you shall vnderstand here subsequently to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through throw of the diuersitie of similaritys and reportes, more a(prenominal)e of your opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of more or less that argon well given over, bee setled in any certaintie. I haue therefore impression it trus dickensrthy beeing one that haue beene in the discouerie and in traffic with the naturall inhabitantes peculiarly imploied and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinarie to im parte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you albumenthorn knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in publike dash at this present chiefelie for twain respectes.First that few of you which be to date ignorant or doubtfull of the state thereof, whitethorn see that there is satisfactory cause why the cheefe enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, provided much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)e reportes hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony nevertheless is as well as readie, check as the ages and meanes depart affoorde, to follow and prosecute the uniform. Secondly, that you eyeballight and knowing the continuance of the action by the view hereof you whitethorn generally know & learne what the countrey is, & thervpon hand how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne you profit and gaine bee it either by inhabit ing & planting or otherwise in furthering thereof.And to the lowest degree that the substance of my parity should be doubtful vnto you, as of others by reason of their diuersitie I will first open the cause in a few wordes wherefore they argon so affiance issueent referring my selfe to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by pro plant precondition you shall finde cause. Of our companie that returned around for their misdemenour and ill dealing in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punish who by reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie talk ill of their Gouernours plainly for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The like alike haue those done which were of their con form. most beeing ignorant of the state thereof, provided since their returne amongest their friendes and association and excessively others, especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men more a nd nettle no men so spacious trauailers as themselues. They s withald so much as it maie seeme vppon their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the countrey, it woulde haue beene a foresightful disgrace vnto them as they archetype, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were true or false. Of which astir(predicate) haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise knew to bee there other many haue not bin ashamed to shamble absolute deniall of 8 ? briefe and true report of the new make up land of Uirginia 9 that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainely and there plentifully knowne. And other slightly brand name difficulties of those things they haue no learning of.The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that were neuer out of the Iland where constitute were seated, or not farre, or at the leastwise in few places els, during the sentence of our aboade in the countrey or of that many that aft(pre nominal) golde and siluer was not so soone found, as it was by them looked for, had particular or no c ar of any other thing just to pamper their bellies or of that many which had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or requisite. rough overly were of a nice bringing vp, just now in cities or townes, or much(prenominal) as neuer (as I may arrange) had seene the world before. Because there were not to bee found any English cities, nor such faire stomachs, nor at their owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds of downe or fethers the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports thereof match.Because my purpose was just now in briefe to open the cause of the varietie of such speeches the particularities of them, and of many enuious, malicious, and slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey men besides as trifles that be not worthy of wise men to bee thought vpon, I meane not to infliction yo u withall and will passe to the commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto you. The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I will diuide into deuce-ace speciall parts. In the first I will make promulgation of such commodities there alreadie found or to be increase(a), which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which argon and shall bee he planters and inhabitants, exactly such an ouerplus sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of readiness to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich your selues the prouiders those that shal deal with you the enterprisers in general and slap-uply profit our owne countrey men, to supply the? with most things which in so far they haue bene faine to prouide, either of foreignrs or of our enemies which commodities for distinction sake, I call Merchantable. In the second, I will set downe all the commodities which teensy- defe catensy know the countrey by our experience doeth yeld of it selfe for victuall, and reenforcement of mans life such as is vsually fed vpo by the inhabitants of the coun? trey, as also by vs during the time we were there.In the last part I will make mention generally of such other commodities besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of which specially concerne building, as also more or less other necessary vses with a briefe interpretation of the nature and maners of the masses of the countrey. The first part, of Marchantable commodities. Ilke of grasse or grasse Silke. there is a sympathetic of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades whereof there climbeth rattling crackingness silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of. It spraineth both foote and a halfe high or emend the blades atomic number 18 about(predicate) twain foot in length, and half pass on broad. The like g roweth in Persia, which is in 10 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 11 the selfe identical climate as Virginia, of which truly many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are do.hitherof if it be implanted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason be otherwise, just that there will rise in shorte time great profite to the dealers therein seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & planting it in effectual rationality, it will be farre great, weaken, and more plentifull then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great memory thereof in many places of the countrey ontogeny naturally and wilde. Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to be smooth darling. Worme Silke In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great as bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to haue found s uch plentie s elsewhere to be in the countrey we haue heard of yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, there is no doubt moreover if art be added in planting of mulbery points and others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and nourishing and about of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that variant as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie there will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof doth now to the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. Flaxe and Hempe The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no great storage in any one place in concert, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth yeeld it of it selfe and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe differ from ours the stuffe by the iudgeme? t of men of skill is altogether as practised as ours. And if not, as further roofe should finde otherwise we haue that experience of the soile, as that there cannot bee shewed anie reason t o the contrary, but that it will grow there clarified well and by planting will be yeelded plentifully seeing there is so much ground whereof many may well be applyed to such purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can not advantageously vnderstand? Allum at that place is a veine of earth on the sea coast for the position of fourtie or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of near that haue made triall heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I neede not to declaree any thing thereof.The alike(p) earth doth also yeelde White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common Allum which be also of hurt and profitable. Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants rattling like to terra Sigillata and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found by few(prenominal) of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitants vse it genuinely much for the bring to of sores and woundes there is in diuers places great plentie, and in some places of a blewe sort. Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and turpentine thither are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great store.In the rattling same Iland where teeny-teensyny were seated, organism fifteene miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees els but of the same kind the whole Iland cosmosness full. Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of woods of most pleasant and engaginge smel and of most idealistic vertues in phisick for the cure of many diseases. It 12 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 13 is fou by experience to bee farre better and of more ? d vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vit?. For the description, the manner of v tattle and the manifolde vertues thereof, I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies.Cedar, a really sweet wood & fine step wherof if nests of chests be there made, or quality therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath beene proofe made already,) to make vp fraite with other principal commodities will yeeld profite. Wine thither are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally the one is atomic and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England the other farre greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are planted and husbanded as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised. Oyle There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are infinite store.There are also triad seuerall kindes of Berries in the forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde in truth good and sweete oyle. Furthermore the Beares of the countrey are comm save very fatte, and in some places there are many their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. Furres All along the ocean coast there are great store of Otters, which beeyng taken by exsertes and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are store although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. Luzarnes also we haue vnderstanding of, although for the time we saw none.Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trafficke for trifles and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene commonly in time before. Ciuet cattes In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage or inhabitant and in an other place the smell where one or more had lately beene before whereby we gather besides then by the relation of the people that there are some in the countrey good profite will rise by them. Iron In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt wee founde neere the irrigate side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall of a minerall man, was founde to holde yron richly. It is founde in manie places of the countrey else.I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men the infinite store of wood the expect of wood and deerenesse thereof in England & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. fuzz A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the countrey where as they take are mountaines and 14 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 15 Riuers that yeelde also whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer.For confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly beaten about the free w ogdoad of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. Pearle Somemultiplication in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle but it was our hap to me ete with ragges, or of a pide colour not hauing yet discouered those places where wee hearde of better and more plentie.One of our companie a man of skill in such matters, had gathered together from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande of which number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of many minute colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayre and rare and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in comming away from the countrey. Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall discouer them more particularly then wee haue done and than now I can makc relation of, for want f the examples I had prouided and gathered, and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. Dyes of diuers kindes There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke the seede of an hearbe called Wasewowr little small rootes called Chappacor and the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge which Dies are for diuers sortes of red their goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre and colouring of their faces, and Mantles made of Deare skinnes and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes hauing no other thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for.If they will not proue merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. Oade a thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground may bee planted in Virginia, there being ground generous. The grouth therof need not to be doubted, when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is in the same climate. So as well as of Madder. We carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for their lay when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of them as wee desired. until now, seeing that they grow in the same climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason may yet co ? tinue. So to a fault 16 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 17 for Orenges, and Lemmons there may be planted also Quinses. Wherby may grow in reasonable time if the actio be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in ? Sugers, Suckets, and Marmalades. Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I leaue to your discret and gentle considerations and many also bee there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might haue specified.So similarly of those commodities already set downe I might haue said more as of the particular places where they are founde and best to be planted and prepared by what meanes and in what reasonable billet of time they might be raised to profit and in what proportion but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted them knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. The second part, of suche commodities as Virginia is knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants as also by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are sowed and husbanded.Agatowr, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants the same in the West Indies is called Mayze English men call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not much assorted in forme and shape but of diuers colours some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre beeing vsed according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a graine of marueilous great increase of a thousand, fifteene hundred and some two thousand fold.There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most onetime(prenominal)s in ten, after the time they are set, and are then of summit in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two euery head cotaining fiue, sixe, or seuen hundred graines at bottom a 18 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 19 fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make victuall eyther by parching them or seething them whole vntill they be broken or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. Okindgier, called by vs Beanes, because in greatnesse & partly in shape they are like to the Beanes in England sauing that they are flatter, of more diuers colours, and ome pide. The leafe also of the stemme is much distinguishable. In try on they are altogether as good as our English peaze. Wickonzowr, called by vs Peaze, in respect of the ? beanes for distinctio sake, because they are much lesse although in forme they little differ but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to pieces into a broth or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly together Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them.Sometime also beeing whole sodden, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for varietie. Macocqwer, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, Pompions, Mellions, and Gourdes, because they are of the like formes as those kindes in England. In Virginia such of seuerall formes are of one taste and very good, and do also natural spring from one seed. There are of two sorts one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in two moneths. There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called Melden. Some of those that I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage it groweth about foure or fiue foote igh of the seede th ereof they make a thicke broth, and pottage of a very good taste of the stalke by burning into ashes they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to season their brothes other salte they knowe not. Wee ourselues vsed the leaues also for pot-hearbes. There is also other great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, ahout sixe foote in height the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some take it to bee Planta Solis of the seedes heereof they make both a kinde of bread and broth. All the aforesaide commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes in groundes a part and seuerally by the selues but for the most part together in one ground ? ixtly the manner thereof with the dressing and preparing of the ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of the soile I thinke good briefly to describe. The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing neither care nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort as followeth. A fewe d aies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden instruments, made to the highest degree in forme of mattockes or hoes with long handles the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote long and about fiue ines in breadth doe onely breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes.The which after a day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away they burne into ashes. (And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the grounde I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade which wee obserued they doe 20 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 21 not, except the heapes bee too great or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of. ) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they vse. Th en their setting or sowing is after this maner.First for their corne, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, wherein they put foure graines with that care they put forward not one another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them after such maner but with this regard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde spare ground betwene euery hole where according to discretion here and there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze in diuers places also among the seedes of Macocqwer Melden and Planta solis.The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze, at the least two hundred London bushelles b esides the Macocqwer, Melden, and Planta solis Whenas in England fourtie bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. t I thought also good to note this vnto you, y you which shall inhabite and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to be prefer before ours in addition the manifold waies in applying it to victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you that according to the rate we aue made proofe of, one man may prepare and husband so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee haue nothing else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue before spoken of the saide ground being also but of fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground n ice, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes or ofcomes for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune so that they also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, out of one and the same ground. For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best.Of the grouth you need not to doubt for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene proof of, not beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and had taken salt water wee could make no triall and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily nowe will I returne againe to my course and intreate of that which yet remaine th appertaining to this Chapter. There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the inhabitants vppowoc In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed The Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried 22 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 23 and brought into pulverisation they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by suck it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the pores & passages of the tree trunk by which meanes the vse thereof, not only preserueth the body from obstructions but also if any be, so that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh them wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes afflicted. This Vppowoc is of so precious estimat ion amongest the? that they thinke their gods are maruelously delighted therwith Wherupon sometime they make hallowed chevvys & draw in some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast some vp into the aire and into the water so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire also after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise but all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, hand clapping of hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into the heaue? s, vttering therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful experiments of the vertues thereof of which the relation woulde require a volume by it selfe the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is suffici ent witnes. And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and can remember they vse to husband all else that followe are founde growing naturally or wilde. Of Rootes.Penauk are a kind of root of round forme, some of the bignes of walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. Okeepenauk are also of roud shape, found in dry ? grouds some are of the bignes of a mans head. They are ? to be eaten as they are taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the inhabita ts vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and ? in my iudgement they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England.Kaishucpenauk a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere of that forme their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared for by vs the inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. t Tsinaw a kind of roote much like vnto y which in England is called the China root brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie thing to the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike which beeing supported by the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, & also being boiled, a very good spoone- O 24 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia Of Fruites. 25 meate in maner of a gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This Tsinaw i s not of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the China roote, for it was discouered since, and is in vse as is aforesaide but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose although the rootes in shape are very like. Coscushaw, some of our troupe tooke to bee that kinde of roote which the Spaniards in the West Indies call Cassauy, whereupon also many called it by that name it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist groundes.Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the inhabitants The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken before any thing be made therewithall Either the rootes must bee first slice and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being pounded into floure wil make good bread or els while they are greene they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt loues of the same to be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well pounded againe, bread, or spone meate very god in taste, and holsome may be made thereof. Habascon is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing boiled together with other meates. There are also Leekes differing little from ours in England that grow in many places of the coutrey, of ? which, when we came in places where they were, wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. C Hestnuts, there are in diuers places great store some they vse to eate rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some being sodde they make such a manner of dowe bread as they ? vse of their beanes before mentioned.Walnuts There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of the infinit store In many places where very great woods ? for many miles together the third part of trees are walnut-trees. The one kind is of the same taste and forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder and thicker shelled the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and harde shell but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate also among their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more pleasant taste. Medlars a kind f verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these respectes first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten then in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bignesse otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different for they are as red as cheries and very sweet but whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. Metaquesunnauk, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes of English peares, bu t that they are of a perfect red colour as well at heart as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red 26 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 27 die of great price which is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true cochinile or a bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified seeing that also as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. Grapes there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable comodities. Straberies there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our English gardens. Mulberies, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in England.Sacquenummener a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but sensibly greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is found in shalow waters being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or wheat, & being boiled is good meate. In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in forme of Acornes. Here is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that grow on seuerall kinds of trees the one is called Sagatemener, the second Osamener, the third Pummuckoner. These kind of acorns they vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath al- most after the maner as we dry malt in Englad. When ? hey are to be vsed they first water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good victual, either to eate s o simply, or els being also pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. An other sort is called Sapummener which being boiled or parched doth eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of this sort. The fifth sort is called Mangummenauk, and is the acorne of their kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the chiefe the selues, either for chassis or for want of bread, ? doe eate them with their fish or flesh. Of Beastes.Eare, in some places there are great store neere vnto the sea coast they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse but further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are greater they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are perennial and the snags of their hornes looke backward. Conies, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a color colour like vnto hares in some places there are such plentie that all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of those they vsually take. Saquenuckot & Maquowoc two kindes of small beastes greater then conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selues, but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. D T 28 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 29 Squirels which are of a grey colour, we haue take & eate. ? ? Beares which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are good meat the inhabitants in time of winter do vse to take & eate manie, so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. In some Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they c spread and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are sho t downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after considerably be killed we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers.I haue the names of eight & 20 seuerall sortes of beasts which I haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the coutrie, especially in the maine of which ? there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before metioned. The inhabitants somtime kil the Lyon ? & eat him & we somtime as they came to our hands of their Wolues or woluish Dogges, which I haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some of our company haue beene experimented in both. Of Foule. eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange ? ortes of water foule eight, and seue teene kinds more of land foul, al though wee haue seen and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee pictured and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. There are also Parats, Faulcons, & Marlin haukes, which although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good to mention. Of Fishe. F T Vrkie cockes and Turkie hennes Stockdoues Partridges Cranes Hernes & in winter great store of Swannes & Geese. Of al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue taken,Or foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there are plentie of Sturgeons And also in the same monethes of Herrings, some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in length and better bot h these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. There are also Troutes Porpoises Rayes Oldwiues Mullets Plaice and very many other sortes of refined good fish, which we haue taken & eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language wee haue of twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with their names. The inhabitants vse to take the two maner of wayes, ? the one is by a kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The other way which is 30 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 31 ore strange, is with poles made sharpe at one ende, by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in the shallowes for the purpose. There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. Sea crabbes, such as we haue in England. Oyste rs, some very great, and some small some rounde and some of a long shape They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our owne countrey. Also Muscles Scalopes Periwinkles and Creuises. Seekanauk, a kinde of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab and her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters and sometime on the shoare.There are many Tortoyses both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & bellies are shelled very thicke their head, feete, and taile, which are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or venemous but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon for the time we were in Virginia, as also the inhabitants themselues, as farre foo rth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy to bee remembred. The third and last part of such other plant and inhabit to know of with a description of the nature and manners of the people of the countrey. Of commodities for building and other necessary vses.Hose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses as diuers sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els Also lime, stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene doubted of, or by some that are malicious account the contrary. Okes, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. Walnut trees, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot streight without bough. Firre trees fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. Rakiock, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commo make their boats or Canoes of the form ? y of trowes only with the helpe of fire, hatchets of stones, and shels we haue known some so great being made in that sort of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much baggage the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. Cedar, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, thinges as is behoofull for those which shall 32 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 33 Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, haue made certaine affirmation of Cyprus which for such and other excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation.Maple, and also Wich-hazle, wherof the inhabitants vse to make their bowes. Holly a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. Willowes good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne very well and sufficiently. Beech and Ashe, good for caske, hoopes and if neede require, plow worke, as also for many things els. Elme. Sassafras trees. Ascopo a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to bee Cassia Lignea of the West Indies.There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the Virginian language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know no cause to doubt. Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. N eere vnto the Sea coast where wee dwelt, there are no kinde of stones to bee found (except a fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were of all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke any.For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue enough neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three foote deepe and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. In the meane time vntill there bee discoueri e of sufficient store in some place or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke for the making whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is the Great Compromiser both excellent good, and plentie and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and also in diuers other places of England Which kinde of lime is well knowne to bee as good as any other.And of Oister shels there is plentie enough for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water for the most part. This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort neere the water in the side 34 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uir ginia 35 of a knoll was founde by a Gentleman of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good to remember vnto you. Of the nature and manners of the people.T resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more conuenient hereafter nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue vs, that shall inhabite with them. They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & aprons of the same rounde about their middles all els naked of such a difference of statures only as wee in England hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know t they how to make any those weapons y they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither haue they any thing to defe d the selues but tar? ? gets made of barks and some armours made of stickes wickered together with thread.Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some containing but 10. or 12. houses some 20. the greatest that we haue seene haue bene but of 30. houses if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed vpright and close one by another. Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with artificiall mattes made of long rushes from the tops of the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. ardes long, and in other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment of a Wiroans or chiefe Lord e in other some two or three, in some sixe, eight, & more the greatest Wiroans that yet we had dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most The language of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they are distant the greater is the difference. Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising one an other most co ? monly about the dawning of the day, or oone light or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises Set battels are very rare, except it fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in leaping throne some or other. If there fall out any warres mingled with vs & them, what their fight is likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined by the experience we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in discharge away was their best defence. 36 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 37In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our trifles before thinges of greater value Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very ingenious For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and sooner reformed.They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call Montoac, but of different sortes and degrees one onely chiefe and great God, which hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of creatures that are glaring or inuisible. For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children And in such sort they s ay they had their beginning.But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make no relatio , hauing no letters nor other ? such meanes as we to keepe recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from father to sonne. They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call Kewasowok one only when is called Kewas Them they place in houses appropriate or temples which they call Machicomuck Where they woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some Machicomuck we haue seene but one Kewas, in some two, and in other some three The common sort thinke them to be also gods.They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it hath done, it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happinesse, or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the uttermost partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually the place they call Popogusso. For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but few yeres before our comming into the countrey of a wicked man which hauing beene dead and conceal, the next day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was taken vp againe Who made declaration where his soule had 38 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 39 beene, that is to saie very neere entring into Popogusso, had not one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to auoid that terrible place of torment.The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp again e as the first, shewed that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaunt trees, pushchair more rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he should after come againe. What subtilty soeuer be in the Wiroances and Priestes, this opinion worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enioy blisse although notwithstanding there is punishment official for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sort es of wicked doers some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes.And this is the summe of their religio which I ? , learned by hauing special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, the vertue of the lodestone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire oorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to compreh end the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters.Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I made declaration of the contentes of the Bible that therein was set foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein was contayned the true dogma of saluation through Christ, with manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine 40 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 41 therein contained yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it to shewe their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of.The Wiroans with whom we dwelt called Wingina, and many of his people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes hoping thereby to bee partaker of the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. Twise this Wiroans was so grieuously sicke that he was like to die, and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes t o our God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death dwell with him in blis